The Life of Richard Cadbury: Socialist, Philanthropist & Chocolatier

Chapter 1

Background in brief

Richard Tapper Cadbury was the founder of the Birmingham branch of the Cadbury family. He was born in Exeter on 6 November 1768 and was apprenticed at the age of 14 to William Chandler of Strood in Kent. This apprenticeship was cut short at the end of the American War of Independence (1775 – 1783), when returning soldiers found themselves unable to pay their debts and Mr Chandler could no longer pay his own bills. From Strood Richard Tapper was apprenticed to a Gloucester draper named James White, where he stayed until the age of 21.

Richard’s next post was in London with silk mercer and linen draper Jasper Capper, whose business was later taken over by Robinson and Cleaver. During Richard Tapper’s stay in London, he met Joseph Rutter, and in 1794 the pair visited Birmingham. This was Richard’s first visit to Birmingham, but Joseph had been there before. The two friends went to a Friends’ meeting in Bull Street and later rented the premises at 92 Bull Street (originally numbered 85). Four years later, Joseph left the partnership to join his brother in London, and the business transferred to the sole name of Richard T. Cadbury.

On 5 October 1796, Richard married Elizabeth Head in Ipswich. At first they lived in Old Square in Birmingham, where three of their children – Sarah, Benjamin Head and Joel – were born. The family then moved to accommodation over the shop in Bull Street, where the rest of their children – Maria, John, James, Ann, Jesse, Emma Joel – were born. Another Emma was born in 1808 but died in 1809. Emma Joel was born in 1811.

When Richard Tapper Cadbury was 60 years old, he retired to Calthorpe Road, near Five Ways in Edgbaston. He died on 13 March 1860 at the ripe old age of 91. Many sources say he was 92, but as his birthday was in November, he was still 91. Either way, it was still a good age.

John Cadbury was Richard Tapper Cadbury’s third son, the second of his children born at the Bull Street property. In 1816, John was apprenticed to John Cudworth of Broadhead and Cudworth in Briggate, Leeds. It was here that he learnt about the retail business and tea dealing. In 1822, he went to London to gain more experience, and he returned to Birmingham a year later.

Upon his return, John’s father gave him some money with which he could ‘sink or swim’, and on 4 March 1824, John used the money to open his first shop at 93 Bull Street, next door to his father’s draper’s business. Alongside tea and coffee John also sold cocoa beans. In 1831, John moved his business to a factory in Crooked Lane. As this was when the actual manufacture of chocolate was begun, it is also considered to be the foundation of the Cadbury business we know today.

John’s older brother Benjamin Head Cadbury joined the firm in 1847, and the business became known as Cadbury Brothers. They were joined in the company by two of John’s sons, Richard in 1850 and George in 1856. Their younger brother Henry joined the firm in 1869, but sadly died in 1875 at the age of only 30. Benjamin Head Cadbury retired in 1860.

In 1826, John married Priscilla Dymond of Exeter. Priscilla’s brother was John’s friend Jonathan, a Quaker essayist and philosopher who wrote Essays on the Principles of Morality. Richard Cadbury was later to become close friends with one of Jonathan’s sons, and Maria Cadbury, his sister, went to a boarding school run by Mary, Miriam and Josephine Dymond. Sadly, within two years of the marriage, Priscilla had died. It was during the lonely years that followed Priscilla’s death that John Cadbury threw himself into public affairs and Society of Friends’ activities.

During his sister Sarah’s engagement to John Barrow, a woollen draper from Lancaster, John Cadbury met Barrow’s sister, Candia. At the time, Candia was still only 15 and John Cadbury had not yet completed his apprenticeship. So, despite admiring her greatly, any kind of romantic relationship was out of the question. However, they met again, four years after he was widowed, and they married after all in 1832.

At first, John and Candia lived over the Bull Street shop where their first child John was born. They moved to Frederick Road in Edgbaston in 1834, and Richard was born in 1835. Richard was followed by a sister and three younger brothers.

John Cadbury continued to attend meetings up until two Sundays before his death. But he had caught a chill and he died on 11 May 1889. He was 88.

Chapter 2

Childhood and growing up

Richard Cadbury was born on 29 August 1835 at Frederick Road in Edgbaston. He was John and Candia Cadbury’s second son. The house at 17 Frederick Road was temporary until John Cadbury could move the family from the townhouse in Bull Street. Soon after Richard was born, the family moved to Calthorpe Road, where they remained for the next forty years. Maria, George, Edward and Henry were born here, as well as another brother who only lived for a few days. At first, the house was not really considered large enough for such a big family and Richard’s sister Maria described it as ‘almost cottage-like’. But it had a nice garden and was surrounded by countryside, and the house was extended and added to over the years.

Richard Cadbury and his four brothers and their sister had a happy, idyllic childhood. They were brought up strictly, as per the Puritan Quaker tradition, but they were surrounded by trees and the boys had a couple of ponies to ride, though as there were no stable-boys, the children had to look after the horses themselves. The brothers would race around the countryside on their ponies and were often reported to their parents for ‘furious riding’. The family didn’t keep a carriage and horses, preferring instead to walk everywhere.

Candia Barrow came from Lancaster, and Richard’s Aunt Sarah had also already married into the Barrow family at the time of John and Candia’s wedding. The children would therefore often visit their relations in Lancaster. The mail van picked them up in Preston and dropped them off not far from the garden gate. Their maternal grandfather, George Barrow, owned several farms along the border with Yorkshire.

Although the garden was mostly under their mother’s care, the children had their own plots in which to play and learn. There was a small pond with a rockery island in the middle and a fountain, surrounded by ferns. Richard’s particular responsibility were the ferns and the water plants. Sweet nectarines and juicy peaches grew on trees against the walls whilst there were luscious lawns on which to exercise and play games, with gymnastic poles for climbing. Their father, John, apparently measured the garden and decided that twenty-one times around the lawn equalled a mile, and the children had to run this distance each morning before breakfast, chasing their hoops. Often Richard would show off and run a mile and a half. They went on long walks with their dogs too. Sometimes the children would accompany their father on his walk around the countryside at 7.00 am prompt. Breakfast was at 8.00 am, and at 9.00 am their father was dressed and ready for work.

Maria Cadbury, the only daughter, wrote:

Our home was one of sunshine. Our parents doing all they could to make us happy, and the consistency of their own lives was a great help in forming the characters and tastes of their children. Home was the centre of attraction to us all, and simple home pleasures our greatest joy.

(Appendix I)

The children also had Jew’s harps to play and they enjoyed singing. In fact, their mother would sing to them as well and when they were old enough, they accompanied their parents to the Friends’ Meeting House in Bull Street, Birmingham, for weekly worship.

Richard and his brother John were initially taught by a governess at home. Her name was Martha Heath and she lived fairly close to them. Richard’s daughter, Helen, later wrote:

He and his brother John were devoted to her. She lived quite near their home in Frederick Road. One day, when Richard was about three years old, an active little fellow, with fair curly hair, his grandfather came unexpectedly upon him, toddling alone across the road, and took him home. It was discovered that the little lad had slipped out of the house unnoticed, and was on his way to visit his dear governess.

(Richard Cadbury of Birmingham)

At the age of 6, Richard went to a very well-known Friends’ day school in Birmingham run by William Lean. He was joined by his cousin Thomas Barrow from Lancaster, who stayed at the Cadbury home while he studied in Birmingham. By the time Richard was 7, his older brother John had already moved on to boarding school, and Richard wrote him a letter dated 1842 that gives some idea of the toys the children played with and the language still in use in the mid-nineteenth century:

MY DEAR BROTHER, – I have got a railway train, first, second, and third-class carriages, with an engine and tender; this was a present from my dear papa. Wilt thou send me a letter with some sweet violets for dear mamma? she [sic] is so fond of them. Grandmother sends her love to thee. I got some pictures and send some of them to thee, they are so pritty [sic].

I am thy affectionate brother,

RICHARD CADBURY.

When Richard was almost aged 8, he joined his older brother John at boarding school. The boarding school was at Charlbury, near to the Wychwood Forest in the Cotswolds. The head teacher was Miss Maria Palmer, who was a strict disciplinarian, but the kind-hearted deputy head teacher, Mary Lamb, tried to relieve the boys’ homesickness. A coach took them to the school, driving through the towns and villages of Stratford-on-Avon and Shipston-on-Stour to Enstone, where they were met and taken on to Charlbury. On Sundays they were able to attend the local meeting run by some very old-fashioned Quakers.

A schoolfriend of Richard’s at the time remembered a funny story from those days, where there are more clues about how the family lived back in Birmingham:

The summer holidays were over, and a new suit of clothes for little John Cadbury, which had not been sent home in time, was forwarded to him at Charlbury School. It was early in August, and the luscious gooseberries in the Edgbaston home garden were ripe. The clothes had been packed in one of the long, narrow hampers, used for fish, which were usually very flimsy, and the good father, always wanting to share home pleasures with his boys at school, filled the basket up with gooseberries. [...] As the hamper had to travel fifty miles on the top of the coach, and had then to be carried three miles on the back of the unfortunate country postman, you can imagine what happened. The postman, poor man, said the juice had been running down his back all the way, and his coat was soaked through. The condition of the new suit of clothes was something tragic, and I believe they had to go into the wash-tub. It was very comical, and Maria Palmer and Mary Lamb laughed so heartily over it, that it was fixed on my memory.

(Richard Cadbury of Birmingham)

As if to confirm the incident, and as well as to send news from home, John Cadbury wrote a letter to the boys, dated 18 August 1843:

MY DEAR JOHN AND RICHARD, – Your dear mother gathered for you a basket of fine, ripe gooseberries, which were sent by coach yesterday; we hope you and your schoolfellows have enjoyed them by this time. I am glad to say your mother is very finely. Edward grows fast; Maria and George delight to be with him. They are very well and often talk of you. Next week I expect they will go to school in Bath Row to a Friend, and your cousins Joel and Mary are to go to the same school. We were very glad to hear that you were both comfortably settled and happy. I am sure you will be, if you use your best efforts to please your governess, and in all things do as she wishes. In the basket will also be found light waistcoats for John, which mother thinks will be very pleasant wear this hot weather. I still intend paying you a short visit, perhaps next month, and as the time draws nearer shall write the exact time. In all things love one another – be kindly affectionate to one another. Our dear love to you both. Your dear grandparents, uncles, and aunts are well, and send their love.

Letters from their mother reminded the boys to do their duties. A paper written by Richard when he was still only 8 recorded these duties:

A mother’s affectionate desire for her precious child,

Every morning before you leave your room – wash yourselves clean, brush your hair very tidily, also your teeth, put your clothes neatly – let your hearts rise to God in grateful feelings for preserving you through the night, desiring that He will be with you through the day, to keep you from every wrong thought and action, preserving you in love to each other, and to all in the house and everywhere. These feelings will help you through all your difficulties and trials, remembering that His Almighty eye is upon you and sees all your strivings, and hears all your prayers to conquer that cruel and selfish spirit, which is always ready to crush all our good desires. January 15th, 1844, RICHARD CADBURY, JUNR.

(Richard Cadbury of Birmingham)

Whenever the boys returned home from school, their brother George and sister Maria looked forward to seeing them again. The other brothers, Edward and Henry, were still very young at this time. Maria wrote:

It was a real gala day to my brother George and myself when John and Richard came home for the holidays. I remember one summer day our standing at the nursery window, with large crimson peonies in our hands, watching for the coach which brought them home from Charlbury, as the railway was not then completed. We had happy holidays, and enjoyed working in our own gardens; we liked helping to gather fruit, also to top and tail gooseberries and shell peas, seeing who could fill a basin first. The boys were allowed to make supplies of pop, and very good it was, with a piece of bread and cheese.

(Richard Cadbury of Birmingham)

When Richard was 11 years old he stayed home from boarding school for a few months due to ill health – it is not recorded what ailed him. He didn’t get off that lightly though, and still had to attend school locally. Nor did he avoid attending meetings. On 28 September 1845, he wrote to his brother John, who by now had started at school in Hitchin:

MY DEAR BROTHER, – We are very much obliged for thy kind letters, which thou hast sent us. On Fourth Day [Wednesday] I and father went to Dudley Monthly Meeting; we went there in a good-sized car and two horses. After Meeting we went to dinner at Edward Williams; we went all round his garden, and there was a beautiful pond with some gold-fish in it; he has two little girls, and I met them carrying three little puppies, which were very pretty; after dinner we went to John Williams, where there was a great many little children running about. After we had been there a little while we went to see Dudley Castle, and went all about it. We met a man on the way that told us something about it; after that we went to tea at R.H. Smith’s. After tea we got ready and jumped on the car and came home to Birmingham. I sent thy letters off to George and Maria on Third Day [Tuesday]. I very often think of thee and wonder how thou gets on. I went with Charlotte this morning to the other garden, and we picked up all the apples that had fallen. I remain,

Thy affectionate brother,

RICHARD CADBURY.

During his time of convalescence, Richard felt a responsibility towards his younger siblings. Maria and George were aged 7 and 8; Edward and Henry were still toddlers. Their mother’s room had a small room off it and here, on Sunday afternoons, Richard would read aloud to the two oldest children. This was followed by a short time of prayer. When the weather was more clement, this little meeting took place outside in the arbour in the garden.

Of course, the children didn’t only have Cadbury grandparents. Their mother Candia Barrow had parents too and childhood visits were also made to the children’s grandfather in Lancaster. Behind his house was a tower where they could watch the many sea vessels returning from their sea voyages. Some of the ships even belonged to their grandfather.

Candia owned a farmhouse on Ingleborough variously called ‘Skalemire’ and sometimes ‘Skalemire Castle’ or ‘Scalemire’ in family records and documents. It had belonged to her father, George Barrow. When he died in 1842, it passed to his oldest daughter, and the family enjoyed holidaying there. The walls of this farmhouse were 3 feet thick in places and the land went to almost the top of Ingleborough. Here the children learnt about life on