Yuri Gagarin in London and Manchester A Smile that Changed the World?

Yuri Gagarin in

London and Manchester

A Smile that Changed the World?

Gurbir Singh

Copyright © 2011 Gurbir Singh

ISBN  9780956933720

First Published in July 2011

by Astrotalkuk Publications

Astrotalkuk Publications. Manchester

www.astrotalkuk.org  info@astrotalkuk.org

Cover image courtesy of Ralph Gibson

RIA Novosti Media Library

Rear background image courtesy of Fred Ritchie

To my parents Gurbax and Nanki,who embarked on their own journey into

the unknown during the heady decade of the 1960s

About the Author

Gurbir Singh is a former college lecturer now working in the IT sector. He has a science and an arts degree. He has been involved in amateur astronomy for over three decades. Currently he is the host of www.astrotalkuk.org, an astronomy blog dealing with topical subjects in astronomy that he established in 2008.

He was one of 13,000 unsuccessful applicants responding to the 1989 advert Astronaut wanted. No experience necessary to become the first British astronaut, for which Helen Sharman was selected and flew on the Soviet space station MIR in 1991. Once keen on flying, Gurbir holds a private pilot’s licence for the UK, USA and Australia, but does not currently fly.

Born in India, he has been living in the UK since 1966 except one year in Australia. He is married with a three-year-old daughter and lives just outside Manchester in England.

Introduction

This book is my attempt to fill in a small piece of the Yuri Gagarin story – his five-day visit to London and Manchester during the summer of 1961. A great deal of excellent work has already been written about Gagarin and the early days of the American and Soviet space programme by authors including Rex Hall, Sven Grahn, David Shayler, James Oberg, Asif Siddiqi, Jamie Doran & Piers Bizony, James Harford and Colin Burgess. Many scientists, engineers, journalists and cosmonauts & astronauts have now also contributed to that story. In writing this book, I have drawn liberally on the meticulous work of these and other authors, some of which are included in the References and Notes section.

I would also like to express my gratitude for encouraging emails from authors who have published many books as I embarked on my first, particularly Michael Cassutt, Asif Siddiqi, Andrew Jenks, Tim Radford and Piers Bizony.  In the first chapter, I provide an overview of the development of rocket technology and the pioneers who conducted the early work and a summary of Gagarin’s historic flight. In the final chapter, I reflect on Gagarin’s legacy and his relentless calls for peace against the backdrop of increasing tensions of the Cold War, nuclear proliferation, militarisation in East and West Berlin and the first tentative meeting between President Kennedy and Soviet leader Khrushchev in Geneva in June of 1961. Gagarin would have been aware more than most of how unsuccessful those talks had been, which drove his personal quest for peace during his visit to the UK a month later.

In chapter two I cover the troublesome issue for Her Majesty’s Government to formally invite Gagarin to the UK, who should greet him on arrival and how to keep Gagarin away from the numerous communist front organisations that existed at the time. The tumultuous and warm welcome in London was such a surprise that before the day was out Gagarin had received invitations to meet the Prime Minister and the Queen. In chapters three and four, I cover Gagarin’s deep connections to the working class traditions and his personal desire to meet with the foundry workers of Manchester, a trade that he had studied to the age of twenty-one before enlisting in the Soviet air force.  Chapters five and six cover his meetings with the Prime Minster and the Queen along with numerous shorter meetings, including the Mansion House, the Royal Society and the Tower of London. With the exception of a short press conference at Heathrow, Gagarin departed the UK without any engagements on the fifth day. A timeline that summarises Gagarin’s five days in Britain is included in the appendix.

Although there is just one name on the cover, this work is the collective effort of many. I want to acknowledge the critical contribution of libraries and librarians, especially Central Manchester Library, Rochdale Library, the People’s History Museum in Manchester, Mike Weaver and Lynette Cawthra at the Working Class Movement Library, Pamela Clark at the Royal Archives, John Callow at the Marx Memorial Library, John Cunningham at the Society for Co-operation in Russia, members of Salford Astronomical Society, Manchester Astronomical Society and Colin Philip and Andy Green at the British Interplanetary Society.

I am grateful to Reg Turnill for sharing his experience of Gagarin’s first post-flight press conference in Moscow which captures the grim anxiety of the east-west relationship at the height of the Cold War. My thanks are also due to Captain Eric Brown for making me welcome to his home and taking subsequent queries on the telephone. An accomplished former chief test pilot, he was the only individual to have a personal one-to-one interview with Gagarin during his five days in Britain. Surprisingly, this book is the first time Captain Brown had been asked to recall that interview for publication. I have transcribed part of my interviews with Captain Brown and Reg Turnill in chapters six and eight. Video recordings of these interviews are available on my blog.

Others who saw or met Gagarin include Patricia Mannarino, Fred Ritchie, Ray Smith, Marjorie Rose, Stanley Nelson, Stanislava Sajawicz, John Smith and Fred Garner, who at his own expense and effort captured with his cine camera the very moment that Gagarin first set foot in Manchester. Several individuals responded to my calls for witnesses on my blog, posters and newspapers. It is their collective testimony recorded in these pages that is the central contribution of this book. The youngest, Liam Grundy, was four years old at the time, and Dame Kathleen Ollerenshaw will be ninety-nine in the autumn of 2011.

Several people assisted with helpful comments on early drafts, including Vix Southgate and Ralph Gibson from RIA Novosti who shared his time, wisdom and assisted with photos. Chris Welch and others at Gagarin50, Richard Evans and Chris Riley uncovered and shared new materials and have been instrumental in keeping the spirit of the fiftieth anniversary of Gagarin’s spaceflight in the public eye. Nick Forder from the Museum of Science and Industry and Professor Jim Aulich shared resources of the Gagarin exhibition in Manchester they had organised to mark the fortieth anniversary. I am also grateful to Dave and Leslie Wright for their suggestion with contacts and prompt sense in fielding my queries. The AUFW no longer exists, so much of the union story emerged with the assistance from members of UNITE Alf Lloyd, Karen Viquerat and Phil Tepper. Professor John Zarnecki and the Very Reverend Philip Buckler Dean of Lincoln answered my initial queries and provided useful corrections and suggestions. This final version is the product of input from three key individuals. Professor Malcolm Heath was extremely generous with his time, reading the entire manuscript and introducing a sense of academic rigour of which I am incapable. Francis French not only read drafts on multiple occasions and provided focused suggestions but also comprehensive support and encouragement from the early stage through to publication.

My special thanks go to my wife Regine, without whom I would still be writing this book. It was not included in the vows we exchanged, but so dedicated was her support that it may as well have been. In addition to providing corrections and comments, she took on large chunks of my portion of childcare to allow me the time to research and write. She also brought her experience as an author of several books to helping with creating an index and the bibliography for this one. I was able to discover a great deal of information, but tantalising questions remain. For example, I was not able to make contact with Fred Hollingsworth (president of the AUFW) or his family. Gagarin met the Queen but I was unable to uncover any pictures.

Transcribing Russian names of individuals, places and events has been tricky. I have attempted to use the most popular, for example, Yuri rather than Yury or Yuriy. I have included a short glossary in the appendix that includes some of the popular terminology. Despite all the assistance, there will be errors and gaps that remain, for which I and I alone am responsible. I would welcome an email with comments, corrections or suggestions for filling in some of the gaps.

Gurbir Singh,

June 2011

1. Space Age

On the morning of April 12th 1961 two former construction workers, one a specialist in roof tiles and the other a qualified foundry worker, made history with the world’s first manned spaceflight to orbit the Earth. Sergei Pavlovich Korolev, the spacecraft’s chief designer, was born in 1906 amidst the perils of the Russian Revolution and civil war. Born in 1934, the world’s first cosmonaut Yuri Alekseyevich Gagarin grew up in the shadow of the Second World War and the dangers of German occupation. Both went on to study in local vocational schools before turning to their passion for aviation.  Korolev first experienced the magic of aviation sitting on his grandfather’s shoulders, at a fairground show in the town of Zhitomyr in Ukraine¹ in the summer of 1913. A biplane, piloted by an early famous aviator Sergei Utochkin, thrilled the crowd who had paid one rouble for the spectacle, as he took off, flew two km and landed again. By his early 20s, Korolev had designed, built and flown his own glider. He completed his pilot’s licence for gliders in 1923 and then his single engine Avro 504K biplane in the following year.² Intriguingly, Alliot Verdon Roe who designed and built the Avro 504K, was born in Patriot and established factories in nearby Manchester. Around 9,000 Avro 504K were built between 1913 and 1932 in Manchester and under licence in several countries, so it is possible that Korolev’s Avro 504K³  was built in Manchester.

The success that Korolev’s genius brought to the Soviet space programme was not just because of his outstanding skill as an engineer. Nor was it his incredibly generous decision to absolve the Soviet hierarchy for his false imprisonment and mistreatment. It was his, formidable political and management skills, reconciling massive egos among his fellow engineers and conducting successful turf wars in the thickets of the Soviet industrial bureaucracy.⁴ He convinced Khrushchev to provide him with a direct telephone line to the Kremlin that probably became his most powerful tool in expediting the Soviet space programme.

With only two years of military flying experience of patrolling the Soviet sky in the Arctic Circle, and with just 265 flying hours under his belt, Gagarin formally expressed his interest in spaceflight. In the autumn of 1959, by when he had trained longer as a foundryman than he had been a commissioned air force pilot, Gagarin wrote a note to his commanding officer Lt. Colonel Babushkin, saying, In connection with the expansion of space exploration going on in the U.S.S.R. people may be required for manned space flights. I request you to take note of my own ardent desire, and should the possibility present itself, to send me for special training.⁵ During 1959, pilots were interviewed at air force bases throughout the Soviet Union. Following 3000 interviews, twenty pilots were selected for cosmonaut training at a makeshift site on the outskirts of Moscow where today stands the Yuri Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Centre. Surprisingly, about 30% of the 3000 who were initially chosen for further selection decided not to proceed with the programme, preferring to stay with the air force.⁶

Throughout 1960, the 20 cosmonauts were put through a series of programmes of medical tests and training that included parachute jumping, ability to withstand isolation, vibration, acceleration and pressurisation. In the absence of previous experience of training and testing for spaceflight, the training programme was unnecessarily arduous and excessive, conducted in makeshift facilities by specialists who were learning on the job.

Around the World in 108 Minutes

In preparation for manned spaceflight, the Soviets launched seven unmanned Vostok spacecraft between 15th May 1960 and 25th March 1961, complete with life support, communications and heat shield. Each was designed to go into Earth orbit completely automatically and be recovered. Two failed, two partially failed and three were regarded as successful. On Wednesday morning, April 12th, Yuri Gagarin sat in his 2.4m diameter spherical spaceship attached to the cylindrical equipment module. Both vehicles were secured inside the nose cone of the 34m high 3m diameter R7 rocket initially constructed as the world’s first Intercontinental Ballistic Missile (ICBM).

Poyekhali, the Russian word for let’s go, has become the one-word symbol of Gagarin’s historic flight on that bright cold Wednesday morning, although it is not something Gagarin remembered saying at the time until reminded of it later. As Gagarin sat in his Vostok spacecraft completely sealed from the outside world with only the radio link to the engineers nearby, he could see only the inside of his 2.4m diameter spherical spacecraft, but a bright light lit up his helmeted face for the live television.

At 09:07 a.m. local time, two stages of this three-stage rocket fired simultaneously, and Gagarin started on his short trip to Earth orbit from the launch site of Tyura-Tam. Two minutes later, Gagarin was thrown forward as the four strap-on booster rockets, each with four engines, were discarded as their propellant supply ran out.

A moment later he was pushed back in his seat as the central, second stage continued the climb with the now lighter load. Gagarin reported, The first stage has finished its work. The G forces and vibrations have eased. The flight is continuing normally.⁷ Less than a minute later, the rocket was now through most of the Earth’s dense atmosphere, the shroud covering Gagarin’s spaceship was released and he saw Earth for the last time before entering space. Gagarin reported Shroud separation has happened. Through the window, I see the Earth... The ground is clearly discernible. Rivers and folds in the terrain. They are easily distinguishable. The visibility is good. Everything is so clear... My condition is excellent. I’m continuing the flight. The G forces are slightly increasing… I can tolerate everything well. My condition is excellent. I feel cheerful.⁸

Figure 1  R7  Rocket that launched Vostok (Courtesy Margaret Turnill)

Five minutes into the flight, the second stage central core also exhausted its supply of propellant, detached and fell away with another violent but momentary change in acceleration